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</script> </head> <body> <header class="site-header"> <a href="https://st-toolbox.com/kakomon/">STカコモン</a> <span class="sep">›</span> <a href="../">ST国試ノ�EチE/a> <span class="sep">›</span> <a href="./">音声学</a> <span class="sep">›</span> <span class="header-current">第1章</span> </header> <div class="page"> <div class="notebook"> <div class="nb-inner"> <div class="page-title-row"> <h1>第1章�E�音声の基礎と声遁E/h1> <span class="meta">対応過去啁E紁E5問／難易度 ☁E�E☁E�E☁E/span> </div> <div class="cols"> <div class="col"> <h2>1-1 声道と発声器宁E/h2> <h3>声道とは</h3> <p>声道！Eocal tract�E��E<span class="ul-blue">声門から口唁E�E鼻孔まで</span>の音声を形成する空間、E/p> <div class="box"> <div class="box-title">声道に含まれる部佁E/div> <ul> <li>鼻腔�E口腔�E咽頭�E�喉頭蓋より上�E咽頭�E�E/li> </ul> <div class="box-title" style="margin-top:6px;">声道に含まれなぁE��佁E/div> <ul> <li><span class="red">食道・気管</span>�E�これらは声道�E外！E/li> </ul> </div> <div class="warn">「気管・食道は声道に含まれなぁE��E頻出の引っかけ、E/div> <h2>1-2 母音の刁E��！EPA�E�E/h2> <h3>IPA母音四辺形の刁E��軸</h3> <div class="table-wrap"> <table> <tr><th>軸</th><th>冁E��</th></tr> <tr><td>舌�E高さ�E�開口度�E�E/td><td>狭・半狭・半庁E�E庁E/td></tr> <tr><td>舌�E前後位置</td><td>前�E・中舌�E後�E</td></tr> <tr><td>冁E��性</td><td>冁E��・非�E唁E/td></tr> </table> </div> <div class="warn"><span class="red">「構音様式」「有声性」「帯気性」�EIPA母音刁E��E軸ではなぁE��E/span>母音はすべて有声が基本、帯気�E子音の概念、E/div> <h3>母音の開口度�E�高さ�E�E/h3> <div class="table-wrap"> <table> <tr><th>刁E��E/th><th>代表侁E/th></tr> <tr><td>狭�E�高）母音</td><td>[i]・[u]・[ɯ]</td></tr> <tr><td>半狭</td><td>[e]・[o]</td></tr> <tr><td>半庁E/td><td>[ɛ]・[ɔ]</td></tr> <tr><td>庁E��低）母音</td><td>[a]・[æ]・[ɑ]</td></tr> </table> </div> <div class="point">日本語「エ」「オ」�E<span class="blue">半狭母音と半庁E��音の閁E/span>に位置する�E�墁E��付近）、E/div> <h3>基本母音�E�Eardinal Vowels�E�E/h3> <ul> <li><span class="blue">Jones, D.</span> が設定した言語音記述のための<span class="ul-blue">基準となる母音</span></li> <li>「多くの言語で使われる標準的な母音」「日本語�E5母音」「幼児が最初に獲得する母音」ではなぁE/li> <li>非�E唁E��基本�E�前舌系�E�[i][e][ɛ][a]、後�E系�E�[ɑ][ɔ][o][u]�E�E/li> </ul> <h3>冁E��・非�E唁E�E対忁E/h3> <div class="table-wrap"> <table> <tr><th>非�E唁E/th><th>冁E��</th></tr> <tr><td>[i]</td><td>[y]</td></tr> <tr><td>[e]</td><td>[ø]</td></tr> <tr><td>[ɛ]</td><td>[œ]</td></tr> <tr><td>[ɯ]</td><td>[u]</td></tr> <tr><td>[ɤ]</td><td>[o]</td></tr> <tr><td>[ʌ]</td><td>[ɔ]</td></tr> <tr><td>[ɑ]</td><td>[ɒ]</td></tr> </table> </div> <div class="warn"><span class="red">[o]と[ɔ]はどちらも冁E��後�E母音、E/span>非�E唁E��E唁E�E対ではなぁE��第20回�E題）、E/div> </div> <div class="col"> <h2>1-3 日本語�E母音の特徴</h2> <h3>日本誁E母音の音声学皁E��徴</h3> <div class="table-wrap"> <table> <tr><th>母音</th><th>特徴</th></tr> <tr><td>/a/</td><td>庁E�E非�E唁E�E<span class="red">後�E</span></td></tr> <tr><td>/i/</td><td>狭・非�E唁E�E前�E</td></tr> <tr><td>/ɯ/�E�ウ�E�E/td><td>狭・<span class="red">非�E唁E/span>・後�E</td></tr> <tr><td>/e/</td><td>半狭〜半庁E�E非�E唁E�E前�E</td></tr> <tr><td>/o/</td><td>半狭〜半庁E�E<span class="blue">冁E��</span>・後�E</td></tr> </table> </div> <div class="warn"><span class="red">日本語�E「ウ」�E冁E��ではなく非冁E��[ɯ]、E/span>「オ」が冁E��後�E母音。（毎年出題！E/div> <h3>後�E母音の識別</h3> <p>後�E母音�E�[o]・[ɒ]・[ʌ]・[u]・[ɯ]・[ɑ]・[ɔ]</p> <div class="warn"><span class="red">後�E母音でなぁE��の�E�[æ]�E�前舌）�E[ɜ]�E�中舌！E/span></div> <h2>1-4 母音四辺形�E�概略�E�E/h2> <div class="chart"> 前�E 中舁E 後�E 狭 i・y ɯ・u 半狭 e・ø ɤ・o 半庁E ɛ�EŁE ɁE ʌ�EɁE 庁E a・ɶ ɑ�EɁE �E�左が非冁E��・右が�E唁E��E/div> <h2>1-5 弁別素性による母音記述</h2> <div class="table-wrap"> <table> <tr><th>音素</th><th>[±前�E性]</th><th>[±高�E性]</th><th>[±低�E性]</th></tr> <tr><td>/a/</td><td>∁E/td><td>∁E/td><td><span class="blue">+</span></td></tr> <tr><td>/i/</td><td><span class="blue">+</span></td><td><span class="blue">+</span></td><td>∁E/td></tr> <tr><td>/u/</td><td>∁E/td><td><span class="blue">+</span></td><td>∁E/td></tr> <tr><td>/e/</td><td><span class="blue">+</span></td><td>∁E/td><td>∁E/td></tr> <tr><td>/o/</td><td>∁E/td><td>∁E/td><td>∁E/td></tr> </table> </div> <div class="point">/i/ は[+前�E性]、Eu/ は[−前舌性]�E�非冁E��後�E�E�、E/div> <h2>1-6 引っかけポイント整琁E/h2> <div class="box"> <div class="box-title">頻出引っかけ�E�母音�E�E/div> <ul> <li>声道に<span class="red">食道・気管は含まれなぁE/span></li> <li>IPA母音刁E��に<span class="red">「構音様式」「帯気性」�E使わなぁE/span></li> <li>日本語�E「ウ」�E<span class="red">非�E唇[ɯ]</span>�E�Eu]は冁E��E�E/li> <li>[o]と[ɔ]は<span class="red">どちらも冁E��</span>�E�対の関係ではなぁE��E/li> <li>「エ」「オ」�E半狭と半庁E�E<span class="blue">閁E/span></li> <li>基本母音はJones,Dが設定しぁEspan class="blue">記述の基溁E/span>�E�日本語�E5母音ではなぁE��E/li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="full sec"> <div class="quiz"> <h2>確認問顁E/h2> <p class="q-item">Q1. 声道に含まれるのはどれか。①食道　②気管　③鼻腔　④胁E/p> <p class="q-item">Q2. IPAの母音四辺形で母音を�E類する際に老E�EされなぁE�Eはどれか。①冁E��性　②舌�E高さ　③有声性　④舌�E前後位置</p> <p class="q-item">Q3. 日本語�E「ウ」に最も近い基本母音はどれか。①[u]　②[ɯ]　③[o]　④[ɔ]</p> <p class="q-item">Q4. 後�E母音でなぁE�Eはどれか。①[u]　②[ɑ]　③[æ]　④[ɔ]</p> <p class="q-item">Q5. 基本母音�E�Eardinal Vowels�E�を設定した�Eは誰か。①Sweet　②Chomsky　③Jones,D.　④Jakobson</p> <p style="font-size:11px;color:var(--ink-sub);margin-top:8px;">解答：Q1=③　Q2=③　Q3=②　Q4=③　Q5=③</p> <a href="https://st-toolbox.com/kakomon/?subject=音声学" class="quiz-btn">音声学の過去問を解ぁEↁE/a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nav-row"> <a href="./" class="nav-btn">ↁE音声学目次</a> <a href="chapter2.html" class="nav-btn next">第2章子音の刁E��と特徴 ↁE/a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="../study-tools.js?v=20260421"></script> <script> StudyTools.init({ noteId: 'onseigaku-ch1', currentPath: '/study/onseigaku/chapter1' }); </script> </body> </html>